Hotwater-audit
Contents
Hot Water Audit Primary Goal
Before installing a solar hot water system at Miller Farm we wanted to get a clear idea of how much energy the farm house is using to heat hot water, and from that estimate the cost savings of a solor unit. Developing a model of the energy cost and hot water usage for Miller Farm turned out to be an involved process. In attempting to produce a reasonable estimate we used- multiple online hot water cost and energy usage resources, and we collected equipment model information from manufacturers' websites. We combined these with experimental data and our best guesses to form a working model of Miller Farms hot water usage.
We began with a list of hot water considerations:
- What fixtures use hot water at Miller Farm?
- How often are these fixtures used?
- What is the averge hot water consumption for each use?
- Can the current water heater accomidate the peak use (i.e. is all hot water used fully heated)?
- How much energy is needed to provide the averge daily hot water used?
- What is the monthly cost of heating water at Miller Farm?
Miller Farm Appliances and their Water Usage
- Miller Farm Water Fixtures (w/ hot water):
- (2) Showers
- (3) Bathroom Sinks
- (1) Kitchen Sink
- (1) Washing Machine
- Water Heater AO Smith ProMax ECT-52
- Element Wattage: 4500 Watts
- R-rating: 16
- Storage Capcity: 50 gal.
- Tempeature Setting: 125 degrees Farenheit (as per thermastat)
- Energy Efficiency Factor: .91
- First Hours Rating: 58-62 gallons
- Recovery Rate: 21 gallons by 90 degees F in one hour
- Clothes Washer Maytag model MAT12PDBAW
- Total Average Water Used per Load: 31.5 gal.
- Average Hot Water Used per Load: 6.5 gal.\
Through using a number of online source we compiled these hot water estimates:
- Showering: 20 gal. (only the GRU table listed their number based on a 10 min. shower at 2.5 gal./min)
- Shaving: 2 gal.
- Washing Hands and Face: 2.6 gal.
- Shampooing Hair: 4 gal.
- Hand Dishwashing: 3.6 gal. (seems low)
- Clothes Washing: 25 gal. (only GRU listed usage for various washer settings, note that this number does not corrolate to the model information)
- Food Preparation: 5 gal. (DOE listings)
Average Hot Water Usage Sources
| Showering | 20 gallons |
| Shaving | 2 gallons |
| Washing Hands and Face | 2.6 gallons |
| Shampooing Hair | 4 gallons |
| Hand Dishwashing | 3.6 gallons |
| Clothes Washing | 25 gallons |
| Food Preparation | 5 gallons |
Initial Miller Farm Per Capita Water Usage Estimate
By using these estimates we figured that Miller Farm uses the following amount of hot water each week:
- 42 showers per week
- 12 shaves per week
- 100 hand and face washings
- 7 dish doings per week (one per day but figure 7.2 gallons as there are more occupants than what the above average assumes)
- 5 food prep
- 6 loads of laundry
The average estimated daily usage is therefore: 192 gallons of hot water
- per person: 28 gallons of hot water per day
Note: The above estimates are made assuming 7 residents, which is the average annual number of occupants.
Shower Experiment
Given the limited time that our group had to work together, we decided to focus our efforts on finding our own shower hot water usage data. Some questions that came to mind:
- What is the average shower temperature?
- How many gallons per minute are used on average?
- How long is the average shower?
Tools
- 6 quart bucket
- Indoor/outdoor digital thermometer
- Plastic bag (to protect thermometer
- Stopwatch
Procedure
Average shower temperature
How do know what temperature the average Miller Farm dweller likes for a shower? Well, we used ourselves as a typical sample of EC students. We each set the shower to the desired temperature, filled the bucket and then made the measurement.
| Student | Temperature (F) |
|---|---|
| Dan | 108.3° |
| Ehren | 109.4° |
| Kate | 102.0° |
| Average temperature: 106° | |
Average GPM of shower
When filling the bucket for the above experiment, we also recorded the amount of time it took to fill the 6 quart bucket. The average time was: 40 seconds. That's 1.5 gallons / 40 seconds or 2.25 gpm (gallons per minute).
Ratio of hot to cold water
How much of that water came from the water heater? The answer to this question would have been easy to find if only the shower fixtures had separate hot and cold handles, but no dice. So, we played with the sink water temperature until it was close to 106 degrees. We measured the flow of this mixture over a 40 second period, then shut off the hot water and measured the amount of cold water over a 40 second period. The ratio of hot to cold turned out to be about 4:1. That means that on average 1.8 gallons of hot water are used for every minute in the shower.
We can check to see if the 4:1 ratio makes sense by finding the temperature of four gallons of 125 degree water and 1 gallon of 46 degree water: (125x4+46)/5 = 109 degrees. Since the 4:1 ratio was approximate this result seems reasonable.
Estimating household usage
With the hot water heater, shower, and washing machine information we can use the hot water usage estimates to estimate the daily hot water use at Miller Farm. To check our estimates we are using the Renewable Energy Resource Center, which estimates hot water consumption per household occupants.
The RERC says that five occupants will use 75+ gallons of hot water in a day. Our average occupancy is 7 adults, so we expect our daily usage to be a good bit higher.
The Estimate (figured on a weekly basis and divided by 7):
- 42 showers per week (figuring some take more than one shower a day, some not every day, visitors may shower, etc.)
- 12 shavees per week (maybe 4 occupants shave 3x a week)
- 100 hand and face washings (about 2 per person per day)
- 7 dish doings per week (one per day but figure 7.2 gallons as there are more occupants than what the above average assumes)
- 5 food prep (does it really take 5 gallons of hot water?)
- 6 loads of laundry (with some doing multiple loads, others using warm water setting, etc.)
The average daily usage is therefore: 192 gallons of hot water (or 28 gallons per person)
Results
| Average shower temperature | 106° |
| Shower flow | 2.25 gpm |
| Hot/cold water ratio | 4:1 |
| Shower usage per day | > 75 gallons |
| Total hot water usage per day | 192 gallons |
Hot Water Heater Monthly Usage
Data
| Element Wattage: | 4500 |
| R-rating | 16 |
| Storage Capacity | 50 gallons |
| Tempeature Setting | 125° Farenheit (as per thermastat) |
| Energy Efficiency Factgor | 0.91 |
| First Hours Rating | 58-62 gallons |
| Recovery Rate | 21 gallons by 90° F in one hour |
Tools
Procedure
Watts must be derived from the data we have. One watt is one joule of energy per second. We can get joules from calories (1 calorie = 4.185 J), and a calorie approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1° C. We can convert the fahrenheit rise to celsius and gallons to grams, to get calories. Calories can then be converted to joules.
In order to convert to watts, we need to figure out the heating duration of our 50 gallon tank. The recovery rate of a hot water heater is the quantity of water that can be heated through a specified temperature rise. The standard seems to be 90° in 1 hour. The AO Smith ProMax is rated at 21 gallons. This relationship can be used to help estimate the heating duration of our 50 gallon tank from a base temperature to the thermostat's setting of 125°. So the input temperature effects the heating duration. Indiana's average inlet water temperature was 43-49° F in 1998. We can also factor in the help from the solar hot water and estimate a higher input temperature. This time can be used in conjunction with joules to get watts.
<math>50 \; gallons \; (tank \; capacity) \over 21 \; gallons \; (recovery \; rate)</math> <math>\times</math> <math>80 \deg \; (fahrenheit \; rise) \over 90 \deg \; (recovery \; rate)</math> <math>= 126.98</math> minutes to heat 50 gallons by 80°
In the previous part of the lab, we estimated the house would use around 192 gallons of hot water per day. With a 50 gallon tank, that's about 4 heatings a day.
Now we have kilowatt hours!
Hot Water Heater Efficiency Calculator
The data above can be plugged into our little script, ENPR: Sustainable Systems - Electric Hot Water Efficiency.
Results
| In Temp. | Thermostat | Degree Rise | kWh | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 45° (avg. inlet) | 125° | 80° | 1140 | $74.10 |
| 80° | 125° | 45° | 642 | $41.73 |
| 100° | 125° | 25° | 356.4 | $23.17 |
