Nxt-python-threads

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Thread Basics

• Computing device - CPU, RAM, persistant store (two ARM CPUs, etc. in the NXT)
• Stored program; Fetch, decode, execute
• Execution context - instructions, data, program counter, stack
  • Processes have all 4 (instructions, data, program counter, stack)
  • Threads have PC and stack with shared ins and data
• Workshop analogy
• Concurrency and locking
• Issues and how they can be addressed
  • Race conditions
  • Deadlock

Basics of threads in Python

Modules

• thread - low level thread library
• threading - higher level library built on thread (addressed on this page) (excellent resource )

Thread Objects

When creating a thread, you will must always define a class function called run(). This is the code that will be executed by the thread. When the run() function exits, the thread is no longer alive.

import threading

class hello_world_thread( threading.Thread ):
  def run( self ):
    print "Hello World!"

Starting the above thread is done by calling the start() function. This will execute the run() function you've defined.

>>> hw = hello_world_thread() # initialize
>>> hw.start()                # run
Hello World!

If you want to pass arguments to the thread at initialization, define the constructor function: __init__().

import threading

class hello_world_thread( threading.Thread ):

  def __init__( self, message = 'Hello World!' ): # default value for message
    threading.Thread.__init__( self ) # init the thread
    self.message = message
 
 def run( self ):
    print self.message

>>> hello_world_thread().start() # initialize and run
Hello World!

>>> hello_world_thread('Hola Mundo!").start() # init and run with argument
Hola Mundo! 

Lock Objects (Lock and RLock)

Locks should be used when more than one thread can read or modify a resource. They have two states: locked and unlocked; and they can be blocking or non-blocking. When trying to acquire a lock with blocking enabled (the default behavior), a thread will wait until the lock is available.

• acquire() - acquire a lock, block until available
• release() - release a lock, making it available for other threads to acquire

# defined globally
hammer = threading.Lock()
saw = threading.Lock()

# within a worker thread's run() function
hammer.acquire()
saw.acquire()

try:
  # do some work

finally:  # release locks, no matter what
  hammer.release()
  saw.release()

The try clause is not strictly necessary, but it is a recommended safety feature that prevents a thread that errors out from preventing another thread from acquiring the lock.

There is another type of lock called an RLock (Re-entrant Lock). See the section called Problems with Simple Locking for a good example of why this more complex lock is sometimes desirable.

Semaphore Objects (Semaphore and BoundedSemaphore)

Semaphores are a locking mechanism that can be used to keep a count of resources available based on the number of times it has been acquired and released

• acquire() - decrement internal counter, block until internal counter is > 0
• release() - increment internal counter

Imagine a queue of people standing outside a restaurant. There is a limited number of available tables in the restaurant (kept track of by a semaphore). When a group of diners are seated (table is acquired), the semaphore is decremented and when the diners leave(table released), it is incremented.

When the number of available tables reaches zero, the diners trying to acquire a table are blocked and must wait until a table becomes available.

import threading

# defined globally
available_table = threading.BoundedSemaphore( 10 ) # 10 tables in restaurant

# in diner thread's run function
available_table.acquire()
try:
  # eat
finally:
  available_table.release()

Using a bounded semaphore, as in the above example is usually the best practice since it will throw an error when releasing more than its initializing value (sometimes indicating a bug). In the above example, it would mean that an error would be generated if a table was released when none were acquired (i.e. making an 11th table available). The regular semaphore object will continue to increment the count no matter how many times it is called.

Event Objects (Event)

Event objects can be used for thread synchronization. When a thread calls wait() for an event that is set, it will continue on immediately. When a thread calls wait()</wait> for an event that is not set, it will wait until that event is set. More than one thread can be looking for the same event.

• set() - set flag to true
• clear() - set flag to false
• wait() - block until flag is true
• is_set() - return True if set; otherwise False

import threading

# globally defined
green_light = threading.Event()

# in traffic controller thread's run function
if driver_is_late():
  green_light.clear()
  sleep( frustrating_time * 2 )
  green_light.set()

# in driver thread's run function
green_light.wait() # block until green_light is set
# drive on

Condition Objects (Condition)

Conditions are more advanced events that can be used to signify a state change. Threads can either wait for a condition to be true or can be notified of a change.

Condition objects are essentially a combination of locks and events. You can create a condition using an existing lock or a re-entrant lock will be created if one is not specified.

• acquire() - acquire lock
• release() - release lock
• wait() - release the underlying lock and wait for a notification
• notify() - wake up a thread waiting for the condition
• notifyAll() - wake up all threads waiting for the condition

More than one thread can wait for a condition to be true (indefinitely or with a timeout). If a queue of objects is being processed by multiple threads, a condition can be used by a consumer to acquire access after an element has been added by a producer.

# globally defined
candy_bucket = threading.Lock()
candy_available = threading.Conditional( candy_bucket )

# in homeowner's thread
candy_bucket.acquire()
# put one black or orange peanut butter candy in bucket
candy_available.notify()
candy_bucket.release()

# in trick-or-treater's thread
candy_bucket.acquire()
candy_available.wait()
# get candy
candy_bucket.release()

Timer Objects