Keck-phase-2 - Revision history

Charliep at 21:11, 25 August 2006

2006-08-25T21:11:47Z

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			THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN MOVED TO WORD, CHANGES MADE HERE WILL NOT BE REFLECTED IN THE PROPOSAL.

	= 1) Cover Page =		= 1) Cover Page =
	* Barbara's doc is [[Media:CoverPageII.doc\|here]].		* Barbara's doc is [[Media:CoverPageII.doc\|here]].

Deibemi: /* biology */

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biology

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 The bioinformatics portion of this module will center around the metallothionein family of proteins. Metallothioneins (MTs) are polypeptides, and like heat shock proteins, they are produced in response to metal intoxication in a number of organisms and models, including fish red blood cells (Bauman, et al, 1993.) MTs are known to help protect cells against cadmium toxicity and they bind a variety of  metals via abundant cysteine residues, which are highly conserved across phyla. Students will use Biology Workbench, SwissProt, and ClustalW to construct gene trees and phylogenies using the MT family of genes. They will also explore MT structure, folding, function and molecular evolution using PDB, Kegg and ConSurf.
 This module is a modification of the current Cell Physiology laboratory using similar if not identical methods and equipment. In the current lab, students investigate the expression of  HSP70 in hemolymph of the tobacco hornworn, Manduca sexta, as induced by a variety of stressors. This has been a very successful lab with good results. The initial literature search portion as well has been an important component of Cell Physiology. Earlham has long-excelled in science library and science information technology pedagogy.  This particular module will be developed in the summer of 2007 with summer research students performing all aspects of the lab, including preparation, writing a lab manual, and trouble-shooting. It will be the first time that multivariate statistics and bioinformatics will be taught in this course.
 === geology ===

Deibemi: /* biology */

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biology

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	This module will be introduced in the Spring of 2008, and repeated annually, with special emphasis on following tagged animals and investigating evidence for bioaccumulation of metals in these animals.		This module will be introduced in the Spring of 2008, and repeated annually, with special emphasis on following tagged animals and investigating evidence for bioaccumulation of metals in these animals.

			Keck-Cell Phys Module

			A laboratory module will be developed for Biology 341, Cell Physiology. This is a sophomore level course which typically has an enrollment of approximately sixty students. Over the course of the semester, students will investigate the effects of heavy metals on the expression of stress proteins in fish red blood cells and explore the roles of chemistry, geosciences, math and computer sciences in toxicology.

			Because they are nucleated and capable of transcription, translation, and protein synthesis, fish red blood cells are a valuable model for studying cellular responses to a variety of stresses, including heavy metal toxicity (Currie and Tufts, 1997). The heat shock proteins, HSPs, and metallothioneins, MTs, are two families of stress-induced proteins frequently studied in heavy metal toxicology. Fish red blood cells reliably respond to heavy metal stress by the expression of HSPs, and in some cases do so in a graded, dose-dependent manner, while the expression of MTs is more variable and less well studied (Fulladosa, et al, 2006.) In this lab, fish red blood cells will be used to investigate the affect of metals on stress protein expression, and they will test hypotheses about what physical and chemical properties of aquatic environments affect bioavailability and bioabsorption of metals.

			Learning outcomes will include:
			â€¢ Gaining an understanding of how cells and organisms respond to heavy metal intoxication.
			â€¢ Understanding how bioavailability of heavy metals is a function of water characteristics and how chemistry and hydrogeology play important roles in toxicology.
			â€¢ Gaining experience in experimental design, multivariate statistics, spectroscopy, protein quantification, and Western blot analysis.
			â€¢ Being introduced to bioinformatics.


			In weeks 1-3 of this lab module, students will use the science library and technology resources to explore primary and secondary literature on the topics of research models, including fish red blood cells, for studying cell physiology and toxicology; HSPs and MTs; aquatic toxicology; bioavailability; and heavy metal bioabsorption and toxic effects. After this introductory material, students will design their experiment protocols.
			They may choose what metals to challenge cells with; and they choose what chemical or physical variables to add to the protocol to test hypotheses about what factors affect bioavailability/bioabsorption (see Methods below.) Variables the students might explore include nitrates, sulfates, organic matter, anions, acid or alkaline conditions or variable temperature.

			During this period they will also construct standard curves for protein quantification on spectrophotometers with bovine serum albumin and the Bradford method.

			In weeks 4-7, the wet lab will be conducted. We will purchase juvenile or adult rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss from a regional supplier. Ideally, the trout will have previously been kept in Earlham aquaria for an acclimation period of one month. Trout will be anesthetized in buffered 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (MS-222, Sigma) and blood drawn from the caudal vein. The red blood cells will be separated by centrifugation and then incubated in Hankâ€™s Balanced Salts Solution prepared with known amounts of CdCl2, PbCl2, or K2Cr2O7, either alone or in combination with the chemical or physical variables chosen to assess bioavailability/bioabsorption. Cells will be incubated at 20oC for 2 hours and samples prepared for protein analysis by lysis, centrifugation and supernatant collection. Total protein will be determined by the Bradford method, and gel electrophoresis and Western blot will be used to detect HSP70 using murine anti-HSP70 antibody (Sigma). Students will be able to semi-quantitatively analyze changes in HSP70 expression among the various groups. MT expression will be detected by dot-blot analysis using murine anti-MT antibody (Sigma.)Groups will share their data with the entire class.

			Weeks 8-12 will involve data interpretation and multivariate statistical analysis, as well as the bioinformatics portion of the module. A member of Earlhamâ€™s math department will help with the instruction of the multivariate statistics. Biology students are first introduced to statistics in Ecological Biology and this represents an important step in the progression of their exposure to statistics.

			The bioinformatics portion of this module will center around the metallothionein family of proteins. Metallothioneins (MTs) are polypeptides, and like heat shock proteins, they are produced in response to metal intoxication in a number of organisms and models, including fish red blood cells (Bauman, et al, 1993.) MTs are known to help protect cells against cadmium toxicity and they bind a variety of metals via abundant cysteine residues, which are highly conserved across phyla. Students will use Biology Workbench, SwissProt, and ClustalW to construct gene trees and phylogenies using the MT family of genes. They will also explore MT structure, folding, function and molecular evolution using PDB, Kegg and ConSurf.

			This module is a modification of the current Cell Physiology laboratory using similar if not identical methods and equipment. In the current lab, students investigate the expression of HSP70 in hemolymph of the tobacco hornworn, Manduca sexta, as induced by a variety of stressors. This has been a very successful lab with good results. The initial literature search portion as well has been an important component of Cell Physiology. Earlham has long-excelled in science library and science information technology pedagogy. This particular module will be developed in the summer of 2007 with summer research students performing all aspects of the lab, including preparation, writing a lab manual, and trouble-shooting. It will be the first time that multivariate statistics and bioinformatics will be taught in this course.

	To study cellular responses to metals, a laboratory module will be developed for Biology 341, Cell Physiology. This is a sophomore level course which typically has an enrollment of approximately eighty students. Over the course of the semester, students will investigate the effects of heavy metals on the expression of heat shock proteins in fish red blood cells, explore the chemical and physical variables that effect toxicity of metals in aqueous environments, work with complex data sets and multivariate statistics, and become introduced to bioinformatics.		To study cellular responses to metals, a laboratory module will be developed for Biology 341, Cell Physiology. This is a sophomore level course which typically has an enrollment of approximately eighty students. Over the course of the semester, students will investigate the effects of heavy metals on the expression of heat shock proteins in fish red blood cells, explore the chemical and physical variables that effect toxicity of metals in aqueous environments, work with complex data sets and multivariate statistics, and become introduced to bioinformatics.

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2006-08-25T19:44:36Z

1) Cover Page

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	* ~~Enter prose or upload finished MS Word (tm) document~~ here.		* Barbara's doc is [[Media:CoverPageII.doc\|here]].

	= 2) Project Abstract =		= 2) Project Abstract =

Charliep: /* 6) Technical problems that may be encountered and how they will be addressed. */

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6) Technical problems that may be encountered and how they will be addressed.

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	== 6) Technical problems that may be encountered and how they will be addressed. ==		== 6) Technical problems that may be encountered and how they will be addressed. ==

			There are several types of technical problems that could be encountered during this project. We are implementing many new methods, instrumentation and software as part of both course module development and our summer research projects. The methods will generally be adapted from the literature, but will require significant modification and testing to be suitable for use in an undergraduate course where students are still learning proper laboratory techniques.

	There are several types of technical problems that could be encountered during this project. We are implementing many new methods, instrumentation and software as part of both course module development and summer research. The methods will generally be adapted from the literature, but will require significant testing and modification to be suitable for use in an undergraduate course where students are still learning proper laboratory techniques. While the instrumentation that we will implement ~~on-site will be~~ new ~~sensors~~, the idea of ~~datalogging~~ and monitoring is not new to Earlham. The CS department has ~~previously~~ set up a weather ~~station monitoring~~ and ~~the trouble shooting and implementation skills from that project~~ will help overcome any obstacles ~~with~~ the new devices. For most of the modeling ~~software,~~ we will be utilizing ~~either freeware or~~ open source. ~~The~~ open source software ~~has~~ the ~~added advantage that it can be modified readily if necessary~~.		While the instrumentation that we will implement uses sensor technology which is new to us, the idea of field-deployable data collection and monitoring gear is not new to Earlham. The Computer Science department, in the form of the Hardware Interfacing Project, has set up and maintains weather stations and other scientific gear in field settings. Those experiences will help us overcome any obstacles the new devices may present.

			For most of the modeling applications we will be utilizing open-source software packages. Many commissions and study panels have highlighted the value of open-source software in the context of scientific inquiry. One of the most important attributes of open-source software for this proposal is the ability to "open the hood", either to show students the core algorithms or to make adjustments to the code.

	== 7) Roles of all key project personnel. ==		== 7) Roles of all key project personnel. ==

Charliep: /* 7) Roles of all key project personnel. */

2006-08-25T19:30:29Z

7) Roles of all key project personnel.

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	David Matlack - Dr. Matlack will conduct summer biological research with students and develop and implement the module for Cell Physiology.		David Matlack - Dr. Matlack will conduct summer biological research with students and develop and implement the module for Cell Physiology.

	Ron Parker - Mr. Parker will develop and implement course modules for Hydrogeology and Geochemistry.		Ron Parker - Mr. Parker will develop and implement course modules for Hydrogeology and Geochemistry.

	Charlie Peck - Mr. Peck will work with students to design, build, and deploy the field monitoring equipment to be used at the two study sites. Mr. Peck will work closely with the other faculty to develop the computational components for each of the course modules described in this proposal and to design and implement the data model, data storage, and user interface to the long-term environmental data to be collected and analyzed as part of this work. Working with colleagues in the ~~computer science department~~, he will develop ~~and facilitate the implementation of~~ curriculum modules for In ~~Silico~~, Computational ~~Modeling~~, and Parallel and Distributed Computing.		Charlie Peck - Mr. Peck will work with students to design, build, and deploy the field monitoring equipment to be used at the two study sites. Mr. Peck will work closely with the other faculty to develop the computational components for each of the course modules described in this proposal and to design and implement the data model, data storage, and user interface to the long-term environmental data to be collected and analyzed as part of this work. Working with colleagues in the Computer Science Department, he will develop curriculum modules for In-silico, Introduction to Computational Science, and Parallel and Distributed Computing.

	Meg Streepey - Dr. Streepey will develop and implement the course module for Physical Geology. She will also direct the management and coordination of the multidisciplinary student seminar programs.		Meg Streepey - Dr. Streepey will develop and implement the course module for Physical Geology. She will also direct the management and coordination of the multidisciplinary student seminar programs.

Charliep: /* 4) Relation of the objectives to: */

2006-08-25T19:27:56Z

4) Relation of the objectives to:

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	Additionally, many of our science faculty have worked with state, municipal and public representatives to provide expert witness on local environmental issues. Examples of collaborative input to local issues include:		Additionally, many of our science faculty have worked with state, municipal and public representatives to provide expert witness on local environmental issues. Examples of collaborative input to local issues include:

	* XXX ~~put something~~ here		* Wood treatment plant XXX more here
			* Hayes arboritum XXX more here

	Mr Peck and his students are developing curriculum for computational science and parallel and distributed computing workshops under support from the National Computational Science Institute and the SuperComputing Education Program. These week long workshops are designed to teach undergraduate science faculty from a range of disciplines how they can use computational methods in their research and teaching.		Mr Peck and his students are developing curriculum for computational science and parallel and distributed computing workshops under support from the National Computational Science Institute and the SuperComputing Education Program. These week long workshops are designed to teach undergraduate science faculty from a range of disciplines how they can use computational methods in their research and teaching.

Charliep: /* 4) Relation of the objectives to: */

2006-08-25T19:26:49Z

4) Relation of the objectives to:

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	* work in progress at other institutions		* work in progress at other institutions
	Many institutions have recognized the need for innovative approaches to science education at the undergraduate level. Carleton College has established an Interdisciplinary Science and Math Initiative (CISMI) aimed at integrating the physical sciences and mathematics in undergraduate courses and research projects. Additionally, Carleton College is currently working on ways to integrate computational modeling across their curriculum to enhance learning. Carleton is also emphasizing computational science at all levels of the curriculum, which is similar in scope to our proposed project. Trinity University is also focused on interdisciplinary faculty and student research as well as interdisciplinary curricular development with their recently funded Keck Center for Macromolecular Studies; however, Trinityâ€™s program has a major focus on the integration of biology and chemistry, while our proposed program uses biology, chemistry, geosciences, mathematical, and computational science methods to explore environmental problems. Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania has implemented an Interdisciplinary Watershed Research Laboratory for field-based environmental laboratories. This project is similar in scope to our proposed project, but primarily integrates biology and geography/earth science, while we are proposing to involve more disciplinary perspectives as well as including computational modeling. Capital University in Columbus, OH has done extensive work on developing an undergradate curriculum and minor in computational science. With funding from the Keck Foundation they recently established the ~~<ul>~~Keck Undergraduate Computational Science Education Consortium~~</ul>~~. While Earlham's focus is clearly different from theirs they do offer a number of useful patterns and examples which we can learn from and build on when designing our own curriculum modules.		Many institutions have recognized the need for innovative approaches to science education at the undergraduate level. Carleton College has established an Interdisciplinary Science and Math Initiative (CISMI) aimed at integrating the physical sciences and mathematics in undergraduate courses and research projects. Additionally, Carleton College is currently working on ways to integrate computational modeling across their curriculum to enhance learning. Carleton is also emphasizing computational science at all levels of the curriculum, which is similar in scope to our proposed project. Trinity University is also focused on interdisciplinary faculty and student research as well as interdisciplinary curricular development with their recently funded Keck Center for Macromolecular Studies; however, Trinityâ€™s program has a major focus on the integration of biology and chemistry, while our proposed program uses biology, chemistry, geosciences, mathematical, and computational science methods to explore environmental problems. Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania has implemented an Interdisciplinary Watershed Research Laboratory for field-based environmental laboratories. This project is similar in scope to our proposed project, but primarily integrates biology and geography/earth science, while we are proposing to involve more disciplinary perspectives as well as including computational modeling. Capital University in Columbus, OH has done extensive work on developing an undergradate curriculum and minor in computational science. With funding from the Keck Foundation they recently established the "Keck Undergraduate Computational Science Education Consortium". While Earlham's focus is clearly different from theirs they do offer a number of useful patterns and examples which we can learn from and build on when designing our own curriculum modules.

	== 5) Concise description of methods and procedures for implementation and experimentation. ==		== 5) Concise description of methods and procedures for implementation and experimentation. ==

Charliep: /* 4) Relation of the objectives to: */

2006-08-25T19:25:39Z

4) Relation of the objectives to:

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	Currently, several national mandates call for this type of curriculum restructuring, and for good reason (e.g. Bio 2010 from the NRC, 2003; PITAC, 2005). Human societies place ever-increasing stresses upon the natural environment, with measurable destabilizing impacts upon complex ecosystems (NRC, 2003). In light of the reality that ecosystem health has direct and tangible influence on the sustainability of human culture, a more thorough understanding of ecosystem functioning is needed, both under vanishing natural conditions and after anthropogenic changes. In a 2001 report entitled "Grand Challenges in Environmental Science" a National Research Council committee sought to highlight the most significant environmental problems facing humanity. The first grand challenge identified is the need to improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycles, particularly with respect to anthropogenic disturbance of natural balances. In 2005, a National Research Council committee issued a report entitled "The Geological Record of Ecological Dynamics: Understanding the Biotic Effects of Future Environmental Change." In this report, the Committee emphasizes the importance of investments in multidisciplinary research as well as computational modeling. An illustration of the need to continue to develop and improve environmental models is the biotic ligand model (BLM), which is used to help predict toxicity of metals in the environment to a given species. There is still significant need for the development of BLMs to accurately model a wider range of organisms and metals, metal mixtures and to deal with chronic toxicity as most BLMs deal only with acute toxicity (Niyogi and Wood, 2004).		Currently, several national mandates call for this type of curriculum restructuring, and for good reason (e.g. Bio 2010 from the NRC, 2003; PITAC, 2005). Human societies place ever-increasing stresses upon the natural environment, with measurable destabilizing impacts upon complex ecosystems (NRC, 2003). In light of the reality that ecosystem health has direct and tangible influence on the sustainability of human culture, a more thorough understanding of ecosystem functioning is needed, both under vanishing natural conditions and after anthropogenic changes. In a 2001 report entitled "Grand Challenges in Environmental Science" a National Research Council committee sought to highlight the most significant environmental problems facing humanity. The first grand challenge identified is the need to improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycles, particularly with respect to anthropogenic disturbance of natural balances. In 2005, a National Research Council committee issued a report entitled "The Geological Record of Ecological Dynamics: Understanding the Biotic Effects of Future Environmental Change." In this report, the Committee emphasizes the importance of investments in multidisciplinary research as well as computational modeling. An illustration of the need to continue to develop and improve environmental models is the biotic ligand model (BLM), which is used to help predict toxicity of metals in the environment to a given species. There is still significant need for the development of BLMs to accurately model a wider range of organisms and metals, metal mixtures and to deal with chronic toxicity as most BLMs deal only with acute toxicity (Niyogi and Wood, 2004).


	* work in progress by the project personnel under other support		* work in progress by the project personnel under other support
	There has been a long tradition of Earlham science faculty involvement in multidisciplinary and computational student/faculty research. In the last 20 years, faculty members in biology, geology and chemistry have been engaged in studies ranging from atmospheric measurements of mercury and aquatic ecosystem studies at the college's Dewar Lake Biological Research Station to determination of metal contamination in lake sediments. Across our science curriculum, a strong emphasis is placed on quantitative, analytical and research-based projects. Many of our research projects engage our student/faculty teams in multidisciplinary efforts; currently, our computer science faculty and students work with both biologists and chemists on computational projects (e.g. computational phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dynamics simulations). For many years, our biology and chemistry departments have collaborated on a variety of research and curriculum projects, e.g. determination of atrazine concentration from agricultural runoff in local water sources and its effect on the physiological development of aquatic species.		There has been a long tradition of Earlham science faculty involvement in multidisciplinary and computational student/faculty research. In the last 20 years, faculty members in biology, geology and chemistry have been engaged in studies ranging from atmospheric measurements of mercury and aquatic ecosystem studies at the college's Dewar Lake Biological Research Station to determination of metal contamination in lake sediments. Across our science curriculum, a strong emphasis is placed on quantitative, analytical and research-based projects. Many of our research projects engage our student/faculty teams in multidisciplinary efforts; currently, our computer science faculty and students work with both biologists and chemists on computational projects (e.g. computational phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dynamics simulations). For many years, our biology and chemistry departments have collaborated on a variety of research and curriculum projects, e.g. determination of atrazine concentration from agricultural runoff in local water sources and its effect on the physiological development of aquatic species.

	The off-campus field site that was chosen for study is Springwood Lake (SWL) which is a small lake (~ 8 acres) located less than 2 miles from Earlham College. The watershed area that drains into Springwood Lake is characterized by land-uses that are historically associated with environmental contamination, including large-scale industrial/manufacturing facilities and unregulated and regulated solid waste landfills. Springwood Lake, presently owned by the City of Richmond, is a contaminated site listed ? This site has been studied by Mr. Parker and a student, Andrew Graham, who found relatively high levels of heavy metals in the sediment. As such, we believe this site needs further study. I FIND IT QUITE INSULTING TO REPLACE MY DETAIL WITH THIS STUPID BLURB. WE HAPPEN TO KNOW A GREAT DEAL ABOUT SPRINGWOOD LAKE. WHY ACT LIKE WE DONT?		The off-campus field site that was chosen for study is Springwood Lake (SWL) which is a small lake (~ 8 acres) located less than 2 miles from Earlham College. The watershed area that drains into Springwood Lake is characterized by land-uses that are historically associated with environmental contamination, including large-scale industrial/manufacturing facilities and unregulated and regulated solid waste landfills. Springwood Lake, presently owned by the City of Richmond, is a contaminated site listed ? This site has been studied by Mr. Parker and a student, Andrew Graham, who found relatively high levels of heavy metals in the sediment. As such, we believe this site needs further study. XXX I FIND IT QUITE INSULTING TO REPLACE MY DETAIL WITH THIS STUPID BLURB. WE HAPPEN TO KNOW A GREAT DEAL ABOUT SPRINGWOOD LAKE. WHY ACT LIKE WE DONT? (Maybe it's a space issue? This document is getting pretty long.)

	Additionally, many of our science faculty have worked with state, municipal and public representatives to provide expert witness on local environmental issues. Examples of collaborative input to local issues include:		Additionally, many of our science faculty have worked with state, municipal and public representatives to provide expert witness on local environmental issues. Examples of collaborative input to local issues include:

			* XXX put something here

			Mr Peck and his students are developing curriculum for computational science and parallel and distributed computing workshops under support from the National Computational Science Institute and the SuperComputing Education Program. These week long workshops are designed to teach undergraduate science faculty from a range of disciplines how they can use computational methods in their research and teaching.

	* work in progress at other institutions		* work in progress at other institutions

Watsolo: /* 5) Concise description of methods and procedures for implementation and experimentation. */

2006-08-25T19:24:19Z

5) Concise description of methods and procedures for implementation and experimentation.

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	* Either by department or as a whole describe the summer research activities. Some of this is course module development and some "real" research. Developing local soil models, database (post grant).		* Either by department or as a whole describe the summer research activities. Some of this is course module development and some "real" research. Developing local soil models, database (post grant).

	Students will also be involved in multidisciplinary collaborative projects during the summer months. The summer research component will involve developing and testing curriculum modules in each summer (4 in summer 2007, 3 in summer 2008 and 1 in summer 2009). In addition, particularly in summer 2008 and 2009, students will have the opportunity to conduct more advanced research related to metals in the environment including analyses of metals in a variety of environmental matrices, descriptions and quantifications of food chains and computational modeling of rates of biomagnification of metals at higher trophic levels, performance of whole-soil hydraulic conductivity tests and determination of soil mineral reactivities, and computer modeling of biochemical and groundwater processes. During each summer, there will be approximately six faculty and twelve students working on the curriculum module development and advanced research. All students participating in summer research will have two opportunities each week to discuss the multidisciplinary perspectives related to their projects: faculty from all departments will facilitate a weekly seminar and students will discuss their research projects in a student-led seminar.		Students will also be involved in multidisciplinary collaborative projects during the summer months. The summer research component will involve developing and testing curriculum modules in each summer (4 in summer 2007, 3 in summer 2008 and 1 in summer 2009). In addition, particularly in summer 2008 and 2009, students will have the opportunity to conduct more advanced research related to metals in the environment including analyses of metals in a variety of environmental matrices, descriptions and quantifications of food chains and computational modeling of rates of biomagnification of metals at higher trophic levels, performance of whole-soil hydraulic conductivity tests and determination of soil mineral reactivities, and computer modeling of biochemical and groundwater processes.

			In biology, for example, some students involved in the curriculum modules will continue to work in summer research in 2008 and 2009. The biology course work will establish the populations and food-chains involved at Springwood Lake, while summer research will focus on the actual analysis of metals in representative organisms from the lake. In addition to samples saved from the course work discussed below, students will re-sample fish and turtles. Some fish will be sacrificed for analysis of metals in specific tissues, specifically gill, liver, kidney and gonad. Metal analyses will be performed by the Earlham chemistry department. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification at higher trophic levels will be assessed. Tissues will also be processed for microscopy and examined for histopathologic evidence of metal intoxication using routine histologic techniques which are currently being used at Earlham. We will also extend the Cell Physiology lab module into novel summer research designed to explore the correlation of the level of metallothionein expression in tissues with tissue metal levels and tissue histopathology. This work will involve Western blots and frozen tissue techniques, cryotomy and immunohistochemical techniques currently being done at Earlham and collaborating labs.

			During each summer, there will be approximately six faculty and twelve students working on the curriculum module development and advanced research. All students participating in summer research will have two opportunities each week to discuss the multidisciplinary perspectives related to their projects: faculty from all departments will facilitate a weekly seminar and students will discuss their research projects in a student-led seminar.

	* XXX Each courses' plan goes below. We need to show linkages between each of these courses where possible, both intra and inter departmental.		* XXX Each courses' plan goes below. We need to show linkages between each of these courses where possible, both intra and inter departmental.